% interface=en output=pdftex % compile with: % texexec --interface=en --pdf --environment=screen --mode=screen LaTeX2ConTeXt % To do: % - tables/longtables/tabular/list of tables % table header/footers, splitting tables, repeating headers/footers. % - breaking lines % - expand myheadings subject a bit % - pagestyle myheadings how to do in context missing % - refer to fancy package % - document \chapter*, \begin{figure*} etc. % - \filename % - \goto and \gotobox %D Berend, %D %D compiling this document: %D Either uncomment one of the two lines below, or start texexec %D with the --environment switch \environment screen % 2003-07-19: it seems paper no longer works %\environment paper %D Apart from changes in the front/back, I only changed some \type{\sl} and %D \type{\it}s into \type{\em} and removed the \type{backmatter} environment %D %D Groetjes, Taco % URL's \useURL [contextsupport] [http://www.pragma-ade.com/] \useURL [contextmanualen] [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/manuals/cont-eni.pdf] \useURL [contextmanualnl] [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/manuals/cont-nli.pdf] \useURL [contextbeginner] [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/manuals/ms-cb-en.pdf] \useURL [contextsubscribe] [http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context] \useURL [4tex] [http://4tex.ntg.nl/4tex5/] \useURL [downloadbib] [http://www.elvenkind.com/~taco/bibmod/] % mail addresses \useURL [david] [mailto:darnold@northcoast.com] [] [David Arnold] \useURL [wybo] [mailto:wybo@servalys.hobby.nl] [] [Wybo Dekker] \useURL [hans] [mailto:pragma@wxs.nl] [] [Hans Hagen] \startTutorial [TitleA=\LaTeX, TitleB=in proper, TitleC=\ConTeXt, Author=Berend de Boer, Email=berend@pobox.com, Pagina=23, Date=2003-July-07, Periode=Winter, Jaar=2003] \startmode[screen] \startbodymatter \stopmode \chapter{\ConTeXt\ for \LaTeX\ users} \section{For who is this document} If you are a \LaTeX\ user, switching to an entirely different macro||package is a very big step. Everything you put so much effort in to learn, doesn't work anymore. I can't help but quote from that famous book ``The psychology of computer programming'' (chapter 11): \startquotation In making our adjustments to our particular programming language, we can easily become attached to it simply because we now have to much invested in it. We often listen to a man complaining about his nagging, slovenly, and prodigal wife, only to find that when asked why he doesn't leave her, he replies that he cannot live without her. Most people would prefer almost any amount of pain to giving up the familiarity of some constant companion for an unknown quantity. We see this effect when we try to teach a programmer his {\em second} language. Teaching the first is no great problem, for he has no investment in any other. By the time he has learned two or more, he is aware that more things exist in this world than he has dreamed of. But letting go of the first is, to him, just a promise of pain with no promise of compensating pleasure. \stopquotation To help lessen the pain for users make the switch, this document shows short \LaTeX\ code snippets and how you do the same in \ConTeXt. \ConTeXt\ is a macro package that's far more advanced than \LaTeX. You can enhance \LaTeX\ with third party packages, but not all macro packages work together with each other. \ConTeXt\ is an integrated, powerful and flexible macro package for which you seldom need third party packages. \ConTeXt\ also has been used to create large and complex on||screen documents, including hyperlinks, on screen buttons, forms, cross||document links, and so on. This document is not a reference to the \ConTeXt\ manual. It only shows you the \ConTeXt\ macro's for the familiar \LaTeX\ macro's. It does not explain the \ConTeXt\ macro's in detail nor shows you the numerous options almost every command has. You are referred to the \from[contextmanualen] instead. \section{References} If you take up \ConTeXt, you probably need help. You can find it at the following locations: \startitemize \item The \ConTeXt\ support site is \from[contextsupport]. \item There is a beginner's manual in english at \from[contextbeginner]. \item A beta version of the complete english manual (not entirely complete yet) can be found at \from[contextmanualen]. \item \ConTeXt\ main reference is still in dutch and can be found at \from[contextmanualnl]. \item The 4\TeX\ manual also contains much material on \ConTeXt, see \from[4tex]. \item There is a \ConTeXt\ mailling list. Subscribe by going to \from[contextsubscribe]. \stopitemize \section{The July 2003 update} The only change from the previous version released in 2000 is that broken links are fixed. \section{Acknowledgements} Thanks to \from[david], \from[wybo] and \from[hans] for offering suggestions and sending corrections to this document. \chapter{\ConTeXt\ basics} This chapter tells you \ConTeXt's basics. \section{A basic document} A basic `hello world' kind of document in \LaTeX\ looks like: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} Hello world. \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ it looks like: \startCONTEXT \starttext Hello world. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \ConTeXt\ does not have a special command to load the style for a certain document. If you have them, you can load style files and such with the \TeX\ macro \cmdcont{input}. \section{Compiling your document} If your \LaTeX\ `Hello world' document is called \type|text.tex|, you probably compile your document with: \starttyping latex test.tex \stoptyping In \ConTeXt\ you use a wrapper around the \TeX\ compiler to compile your document. Your \ConTeXt\ document is compiled with: \starttyping texexec test.tex \stoptyping \type|texexec| also takes care of the table of contents, indexes, references and sorted lists (see also \in{section}[sec:texexec]. It recompiles your document as many times as necessary to make sure references in the document are ok. While you could use something as: \starttyping context test.tex \stoptyping to compile your document, this is not advised. Learn to use \type|texexec|: \starttyping texexec test.tex \stoptyping The first output of \type|texexec| should look like: \starttyping TeXExec 1.9 - ConTeXt / PRAGMA ADE 1997-2000 executable : pdfetex format : cont-en inputfile : testc output : dvips interface : en current mode : all TeX run : 1 \stoptyping and then it starts compiling your document. \ConTeXt\ supports various language specific interfaces. This document presents the english language interface but \ConTeXt\ also has a dutch and german based interface. If the default interface on your system is not correct, you can either change the initialization file \type|texexec.ini| or give a parameter to \type|texexec|: \starttyping texexec -interface=en test.tex \stoptyping \ConTeXt\ supports also various output formats like \type|.dvi| and \type|.pdf|. To generate a \type|.pdf| document instead of a \type|.dvi| document, change \type|texexec.ini| or call \type|texexec| with the following parameter: \starttyping texexec -output=pdftex test.tex \stoptyping Or even shorter with: \starttyping texexec --pdf test.tex \stoptyping Probably the best option is to put the \type|texexec| parameters as the first line in your document like: \startCONTEXT % interface=en output=pdftex \starttext This example compiles with the english interface and generates pdf output. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Chapters and sections} Chapters and sections in \ConTeXt\ are very much like \LaTeX. In \LaTeX\ you write: \startLATEX \documentclass{report} \begin{document} \chapter{One} My first chapter. \chapter{Two} My second chapter. \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ this looks like: \startCONTEXT \starttext \chapter{One} My first chapter. \chapter{Two} My second chapter. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Not much difference here. However, referencing to chapters or sections is done differently in \ConTeXt, see \in{section}[sec:indocreference]. \section{Table of contents} A table of contents in \LaTeX\ is done with the \cmdlat{tableofcontents} command: \startLATEX \documentclass{report} \begin{document} \tableofcontents \chapter{One} My first chapter. \chapter{TwoOne} My second chapter. \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you get a table of contents with the \cmdcont{completecontent} command: \startCONTEXT \starttext \completecontent \chapter{One} My first chapter. \chapter{Two} My second chapter. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Remember to compile with \type|texexec|, or else you will not get the table of contents (see \in{section}[sec:texexec]). Besides \cmdcont{completecontent}, \ConTeXt\ also has \cmdcont{placecontent}. \cmdcont{completecontent} starts a new page, while \cmdcont{placecontent} doesn't. The behaviour of \cmdcont{placecontent} also depends on the location where the table of contents is summoned. \chapter{Common \LaTeX\ Environments} In the following sections the most common \LaTeX\ environments are discussed and \ConTeXt\ alternatives are given. Environments are discussed in alphabetic order. \section{The abstract environment} With \LaTeX's abstract environment you can mark one or more paragraphs in some special way. It also depends on the documentclass you have loaded, either article or report. Its layout is equal to the quotation environment. You use abstract as follows: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{abstract} This is an abstract of this article. \end{abstract} \end{document} \stopLATEX There is no abstract environment in \ConTeXt, because it really is a style option. However, you can get the same effect as \LaTeX's article abstract environment with: \startCONTEXT \starttext \startnarrower\switchtobodyfont[small] \midaligned{\bf Abstract}\par This is an abstract of this article. \stopnarrower \stoptext \stopCONTEXT With \cmdcont{startnarrower} you get a paragraph, left and right indented by some white space. With \cmdcont{switchtobodyfont} you get a font somewhat smaller than the current body font. With \cmdcont{midaligned} you get a centered line. \section[sec:bibliography]{The bibliography environment} In \LaTeX\ you can create a bibliography within the \envlat{bibliography} environment: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \section{My life} I've read only two books in my life \cite{Bekke92}, \cite{Brodie84}. \begin{thebibliography}{Brodie84} \bibitem[Bekke92]{Bekke92} J.H.~ter~Bekke, \emph{Semantic datamodeling}, Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead, ISBN~0-13-806050-9, 1992. \bibitem[Brodie84]{Brodie84} L.~Brodie, \emph{Thinking Forth, a language and philosophy for solving problems}, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-917568-7, 1984. \end{thebibliography} \end{document} \stopLATEX Entries are started with \cmdlat{bibitem} and appear in the \envlat{bibliography} environment. Entries are referred to with the \cmdlat{cite} command. In \ConTeXt, bibliographies are supported by the \type{bib} module. This module is not yet in the standard release, you have to download it separately at \from[downloadbib]. See \in{section}[sec:doc] on how to generate the documentation for this module. It seems the documentation is a bit ahead of the implementation, but expect the module to improve over the course of the next few months. In \ConTeXt, references have to be in a separate file. For this example it is easiest to have them in a file with the same name, but with the \type|.bbl| extension. An example of such a file is: \startCONTEXT \startpublication[k=Brodie84, t=article, a=L.~Brodie, y=1984, s=LB84] \artauthor[]{Leo}[L.]{}{Brodie} \arttitle{Thinking Forth, a language and philosophy for solving problems} \journal{Prentice Hall} \pubyear{1984} \stoppublication \startpublication[k=Bekke92, t=article, a=J.H.~ter~Bekke, y=1992, s=JB92] \artauthor[]{Johan}[J.H.]{ter}{Bekke} \arttitle{Semantic datamodeling} \journal{Prentice Hall} \pubyear{1992} \stoppublication \stopCONTEXT Entries are started with the \envcont{publication} command. Having this file, it is now possible to use them as follows: \startCONTEXT \usemodule[bib] \setuppublications [numbering=yes, sort=author] \starttext \section{My life} I've read only two books in my life \cite[Bekke92,Brodie84]. But I've to admit that I no longer think Forth \cite[Brodie84]. \completepublications \stoptext \stopCONTEXT The command \cmdcont{setuppublications} is optional. It defines such things as which entries to include, how to sort them or to include every entry or only the referenced ones. It currently does not seem possible to mimick the way \LaTeX\ references things. With \cmdcont{completepublications} the list of publications is given. And of course there is also a \cmdcont{placepublications} command which does not add something to the table of contents. For \BIBTEX\ information, see \in{section}[sec:bibtex]. \section[sec:description]{The description environment} \LaTeX's \envlat{description} produces a list where each label is a keyword instead of a bullet or a number. \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{description} \item[gnat] A small animal, found in the North Woods, that causes no end of trouble. \item[gnu] A large animal, found in crossword puzzles, that causes no end of trouble. \item[armadillo] A medium-sized animal. \end{description} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{definedescription} command to setup an environment. A description is not an enumeration like it is in \LaTeX. In the following code we first define the environment, called \type{animal}. It's also possible to define the environment \type{description}, but that's quite confusing. In the main text we show how this new environment is used: \startCONTEXT \definedescription [animal] [location=hanging, margin=standard, headstyle=bold] \definestartstop [animals] [before=\blank\startpacked, after=\stoppacked\blank] \starttext \startanimals \animal{gnat} A small animal, found in the North Woods, that causes no end of trouble. \animal{gnu} A large animal, found in crossword puzzles, that causes no end of trouble. \startanimal{armadillo} A medium-sized animal. \stopanimal \stopanimals \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Within \tex{startanimals}, descriptions (animals) can be given. You can use both \tex{animal} or \tex{startanimal} to define a description. The start/stop pair is of course more robust. The type \tex{animal} expects a \tex{par} (or empty line) to work. The use of \cmdcont{definestartstop} is optional, but this helps to clearly mark the definition of animals and to have a common point of settings like white space before and after. With \cmdcont{blank} we get the default blank space before (the space between paragraphs). With \envcont{packed} we get paragraphs that do not have white space between them. A different solution, however without the hanging indent feature, is: \startCONTEXT \starttext \startitemize[4*broad,packed] \sym{gnat} A small animal, found in the North Woods, that causes no end of trouble. \sym{gnu} A large animal, found in crossword puzzles, that causes no end of trouble. \sym{armadillo} A medium-sized animal. \stopitemize \stoptext \stopCONTEXT In this example, the text \type|armadillo| overlaps with its definition if the margin is not defined sufficiently large. So the first solution is better. This example also shows \ConTeXt's way of setting options. With \type{4*broad} we set the width of the symbol to 4 times the \type{broad} setting. With \type{packed} we specify that we don't want white space between paragraphs. \section[sec:enumerate]{The enumerate environment} \LaTeX's \envlat{enumerate} is used to produce a numbered list: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{enumerate} \item First item. \item Second item. \end{enumerate} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ lists, both numbered and unnumbered, are started with \cmdcont{startitemize}. You use the \type|n| option to produce a numbered list: \startCONTEXT \starttext \startitemize[n] \item First item. \item Second item. \stopitemize \stoptext \stopCONTEXT See also the example in \in{section}[sec:itemize]. See \in{section}[sec:setupitemize] for how to influence the layout of lists. \section[sec:itemize]{The itemize environment} \LaTeX's \envlat{itemize} is used to produce an unnumbered list: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{itemize} \item First item. \item Second item. \end{itemize} \end{document} \stopLATEX Every line starts with a bullet. In \ConTeXt\ lists, both numbered and unnumbered, are started with \cmdcont{startitemize}. If you don't use an option, you get an unnumbered list: \startCONTEXT \starttext \startitemize \item First item. \item Second item. \stopitemize \stoptext \stopCONTEXT See also the example in \in{section}[sec:enumerate]. See \in{section}[sec:setupitemize] for how to influence the layout of lists. \section{The quotation environment} You can quote someone in \LaTeX\ with the \envlat{quote}: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{quote} But letting go of the first is, to him, just a promise of pain with no promise of compensating pleasure. \end{quote} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you achieve the same effect with the \cmdcont{startquotation} command: \startCONTEXT \starttext \startquotation But letting go of the first is, to him, just a promise of pain with no promise of compensating pleasure. \stopquotation \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \LaTeX\ also has a \envlat{quotation} used for quotations of more than one paragraph. In \ConTeXt\ you can always use \cmdcont{startquotation}. \ConTeXt\ also has `inline' quotes. Use either its \cmdcont{quote} or \cmdcont{quotation} command: \startCONTEXT \starttext This is a \quote{quote} and this is a \quotation{quotation}. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \cmdcont{quote} surrounds your quote with single quote characters, \cmdcont{quotation} surrounds your quote with double quote characters. \section{The verbatim environment} Verbatim text (text not subject to macro expansion) in \LaTeX\ is done with the verbatim environment: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{verbatim} This is verbatim \LaTeX. \end{verbatim} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you write this as: \startCONTEXT \starttext \starttyping This is verbatim \ConTeXt. \stoptyping \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \chapter{Floats} Floats are pieces of text that do not follow the main flow, but can go on the same page or elsewhere. \ConTeXt\ has very extensive support for them. \section{Figures} In \LaTeX\ you can include a bitmap if you use the \type{graphics} or \type{graphicx} package. With the \cmdlat{includegraphics} command you can include a bitmap. If you use pdftex, you can now define a figure as simply as: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} \begin{document} \begin{figure} \includegraphics{test.png} \caption{Test picture} \label{fig:test} \end{figure} \end{document} \stopLATEX This figure also has a caption and it has a label so you can refer to it. In \ConTeXt\ you do this with: \startCONTEXT \starttext \placefigure [] [fig:test] {Test picture} {\externalfigure[test.png]} \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Probably the size of the figure differs between \LaTeX\ and \ConTeXt. In \ConTeXt\ figures have their natural size by default. You can influence the scaling of a figure with the scale option: \startCONTEXT \starttext \placefigure [] [fig:test] {Test picture} {\externalfigure[test.png][scale=2000]} \stoptext \stopCONTEXT The default scale is 1000 (100\%). Scale 2000 gives you a figure twice as large. You can also specify the width of the figure in dimensions, for example half the text width (see example below). In \ConTeXt\ you usually define your figures at the top of your file, above the \tex{starttext} command. You can recall them when needed: \startCONTEXT \useexternalfigure [testone] [test.png] [scale=2000] \useexternalfigure [testtwo] [test.png] [width=.5\textwidth] \starttext \placefigure [] [fig:testone] {Test picture: twice as large as it natural size} {\externalfigure[testone]} \placefigure [] [fig:testtwo] {Test picture: half as large as the text} {\externalfigure[testtwo]} \stoptext \stopCONTEXT With \cmdcont{useexternalfigure} the first command is the name of the macro you want to define, the next is the name of the file. The third parameter are scaling and sizing options. In \from[contextbeginner] you can find more things you can do with figures like placing two figures together or placing text left or right of a figure. \section{List of figures} A list of figures in \LaTeX\ can be given with its \cmdlat{listoffigures} command: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} \begin{document} \listoffigures \begin{figure} \includegraphics{test.png} \caption{Test picture} \label{figure:test} \end{figure} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{completelistoffigures} command: \startCONTEXT \starttext \completelistoffigures \placefigure [fig:test] {Test picture} {\externalfigure[test.png]} \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Just like \cmdcont{completecontent}, besides \cmdcont{completelistoffigures} their also is a\crlf \cmdcont{placelistoffigures} command which doesn't start a new page. Be aware that \cmdcont{completelistoffigures} only works at the beginning of a document, not at the end. There probably is a workaround, and as soon as I know it, I'll say so here. \chapter{Tables} \section{The tabular environment} In \LaTeX\ tables are defined with the \envlat{tabular} environment. A famous \LaTeX\ example demonstrating many of its features is: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{tabular}{|r||r@{--}l|p{1.25in}|} \hline \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{GG\&A Hoofed Stock} \\ \hline\hline &\multicolumn{2}{c|}{Price}& \\ \cline{2-3} \multicolumn{1}{|c||}{Year} & \multicolumn{1}{r@{\,\vline\,}}{low} & high & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{Comments} \\ \hline 1971 & 97 & 245 & Bad year for farmers in the west. \\ \hline 72 & 245 & 245 & Light trading due to a heavy winter. \\ \hline 73 & 245 & 2001 & No gnus was very good gnus this year. \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ tables are created within the \envcont{table} environment: \startCONTEXT \starttext \starttable[|r|r|l|p(1.25in)|] \HL \VL \FOUR{GG\&A Hoofed Stock} \VL\SR \HL \VL \LOW{Year} \VL \TWO{Price} \VL \LOW{Comments} \VL\SR \DC \DL[2] \DC \DR \VL \VL low \VL high \VL \VL\SR \HL \VL 1971 \VL \TWO{97--245} \VL Bad year for farmers in the west. \VL\SR \HL \VL 72 \VL \TWO{245--245} \VL Light trading due to a heavy winter. \VL\SR \HL \VL 73 \VL \TWO{245--2001} \VL No gnus was very good gnus this year. \VL\SR \HL \stoptable \stoptext \stopCONTEXT In \ConTeXt\ you can use \envcont{tables} to create a table that can be split accross pages.. In \LaTeX\ this is provided by the \envlat{longtable}, provided by an external package. \section{The tabbing environment} To align data vertically, one can use the \envlat{tabbing} in \LaTeX. It's usage is quite complex, only a simple example is given: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{tabbing} Armadillo: \= \kill Gnat: \> not edible \\ Armadillo: \> not edible\\ \end{tabbing} \end{document} \stopLATEX The same example in \ConTeXt\ using its \envcont{tabulate} environment: \startCONTEXT \starttext \starttabulate[|l|p|] \NC Gnat: \NC not edible \NC\NR \NC Armadillo: \NC not edible \NC\NR \stoptabulate \stoptext \stopCONTEXT In \LaTeX\ the first line more or less determines the format (but can be changed in latter lines). In \ConTeXt\ the \envcont{tabulate} environment works more or less like its \envcont{table} environment. The header specifies the format of the columns. The width of the columns will be equal to the row with the largest contents. You can also explicitly specify the width. Every row starts with \cmdcont{NC} (next column). Every row ends with a \cmdcont{NC} and \cmdcont{NR} (next row). The difference between \ConTeXt's \envcont{tabulate} and \envcont{table} environments are that the former splits across pages. And the \type{p} column type is a bit smarter in the \envcont{tabulate} environment. The drawback of \envcont{tabulate} is, that it does not support vertical lines. \section{List of tables} In \LaTeX\ one gets the list of tables with the \cmdlat{listoftables} command. Only tables placed within the \envlat{table} environment are put in the table of contents. In \ConTeXt\ one uses the \cmdcont{placelistofoftables} command. And as in \LaTeX, only tables given as argument to \cmdcont{placetable} are pu in the table of contents. \chapter{Math} \section{General} Math in \ConTeXt\ and \LaTeX\ is not that different. Both depend mostly on \TeX. \LaTeX\ adds some environments for doing math. \ConTeXt\ is mostly very close to \TeX. In \ConTeXt\ probably every \TeX\ math command just works. \section{In-text formulas} In \ConTeXt\ in-text formula's are produced by surrounding the formula by the \$ character. \section{Display style formulas} In \ConTeXt\ display style formula's are produced by surrounding the formula by two \$ characters. You can also use the \envcont{formula} environment for exactly the same effect. \section{Numbered formulas} With \LaTeX\ numbered formula's are made within the \envlat{equation}: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{equation} E = mc^2 \end{equation} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ numbered formulas are produced to prefix the display formula command with \cmdcont{placeformula}. \startCONTEXT \starttext \placeformula $$ E = mc^2 $$ \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Multiline formulas} In \LaTeX\ multiline formula's are produced with the \envlat{eqnarray}. A new line is started after the \type|\\| command. In \ConTeXt\ you use \TeX's displaylines command. A new line is started after the \cmdcont{cr} command. \startCONTEXT \starttext $$\displaylines{% ZeroOrOne = ( ( Amount\ mod\ Currency_RoundingFactor )\cr +\ Currency_Boundary )\cr div\ Currency_RoundingFactor}$$ \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Theorems and such} \LaTeX\ has the \cmdlat{newtheorem} command to define environments for theorems-like structures. You would use it as follows: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \newtheorem{guess}{Conjecture} \begin{document} This is the first one: \begin{guess} All conjectures are interesting. \end{guess} \end{document} \stopLATEX With \ConTeXt\ you would use the \cmdcont{defineenumeration} command. This command has many options, the following settings make it more or less equal to \LaTeX's \cmdlat{newtheorem}: \startCONTEXT \defineenumeration [guess] [text=Conjecture, location=left, letter=it] \starttext This is the first one: \guess All conjectures are interesting. This is the second one: \startguess Except this one. \stopguess \stoptext \stopCONTEXT As can be seen both \tex{guess} and \tex{startguess} can be used. Also \tex{subguess}, \tex{subsubguess} and so on are now available. \ConTeXt's \cmdcont{defineenumeration} can be used for any kind of thing you want to enumerate. \chapter{Changing the layout} As soon as you are able to write basic documents, you probably want to change their appearance. This chapter documents the differences between \LaTeX\ and \ConTeXt. As \ConTeXt\ is a very, very flexible macro package, this is one of the largest chapters. Almost everything can be customized, you just call \type|\setup|{\ttsl something}. \section{Page size} In \LaTeX\ you give the page size as an option to the \cmdlat{documentclass} command: \startLATEX \documentclass[a4paper]{article} \begin{document} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{setuppapersize} command. \startCONTEXT \setuppapersize[A4] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT With \ConTeXt\ it is possible to do far more advanced things. You can typeset in A5 and print on A4 for example. \section{Fonts} Changing the font size in \LaTeX\ is usually done with a document class option: \startLATEX \documentclass[12pt]{report} \begin{document} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{setupbodyfont} command: \startCONTEXT \setupbodyfont[12pt] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Use \cmdcont{setupbodyfont} only to set the document font. To switch to another font during typesetting, you should use \cmdcont{switchtobodyfont}. To switch to a postscript font in \LaTeX, you can use certain packages. To switch to a Helvetica body font you would type: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \usepackage{helvet} \begin{document} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you accomplish the same with the \cmdcont{setupbodyfont} command: \startCONTEXT \setupbodyfont[ber,phv,ss] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT With the option \type|ber| you specify that you want to use Karl Berry fontnames. With \type|phv| you specify that you want to load the Helvetica font definitions, and with \type|ss| you specify that you want to use a sans-serif font as the body font. To switch to the default postscript fonts times, helvetica and courier, you would say: \startCONTEXT \setupbodyfont[ber,pos] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Interline spacing} To change the interline spacing in \LaTeX\ you change the \type|baselineskip| variable: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \setlength\baselineskip{12pt} \begin{document} \end{document} \stopLATEX This changes the distance between lines to 12pt, a good value for a 10pt font. As in \LaTeX, if you change the size of the body font in \ConTeXt, the line skip is automatically recalculated. You can set it yourself with \cmdcont{setupinterlinespace}: \startCONTEXT \setupinterlinespace[line=1.2\bodyfontsize] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Be careful to always define the interlineskip in terms of the current \cmdcont{bodyfontsize}, else you get unexpected results when the \cmdcont{bodyfontsize} changes, for example in chapter headings. \section{Spacing between paragraphs} To change the interparagraph spacing in \LaTeX, you change the \cmdlat{parskip} variable: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \setlength{\parskip}{3pt} \begin{document} This is my first paragraph. This is my second paragraph. \end{document} \stopLATEX This gives you 3 extra points of white space between paragraphs. In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{setupwhitespace} command. \startCONTEXT \setupwhitespace[3pt] \starttext This is my first paragraph. This is my second paragraph. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT However, instead of a fixed size specification, it is much better to use current font size related specifications like \type{<>} or \type{<>}: \startCONTEXT \setupwhitespace[medium] \starttext This is my first paragraph. This is my second paragraph. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Paragraph indentation} In \LaTeX\ every paragraph has some white space at the beginning of its first line. You can disable this by setting the amount of white space to 0: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} \begin{document} This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my second paragraph. \end{document} \stopLATEX \ConTeXt\ doesn't start with white space. To start a paragraph with some white space say: \startCONTEXT \setupindenting[medium] \starttext This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my first paragraph. This is my second paragraph. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Position of the page number} In \LaTeX\ the position of the page number can be set with the \cmdlat{pagestyle} command. In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{setuppagenumbering} command. There are four \LaTeX\ page styles. The corresponding \ConTeXt\ settings are given below: \startitemize[n] \item \type|\pagestyle{plain}|:\par \startCONTEXT \setuppagenumbering[location={footer,middle}] \stopCONTEXT \item \type|\pagestyle{empty}|:\par \startCONTEXT \setuppagenumbering[location=] \stopCONTEXT \item \type|\pagestyle{headings}|:\par \startCONTEXT \setuppagenumbering[location={header,middle}] \stopCONTEXT \item \type|\pagestyle{myheadings}|:\par \startCONTEXT \setuppagenumbering[location=header] \stopCONTEXT (see ....) \stopitemize Note that in \ConTeXt\ a page consists of much more than \LaTeX's three default units {\em head}, {\em body} and {\em foot}, so you have much more options. \section{Roman and arabic pagenumbers} In \LaTeX\ Roman and Arabic page numbers are specified with the \cmdlat{pagenumbering} command. \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \pagenumbering{roman} \tableofcontents \chapter{Introduction} \pagenumbering{arabic} This is a test. \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you use the \cmdcont{setupnumbering} command. \startCONTEXT \startfrontmatter \setuppagenumbering[conversion=romannumerals] \setuppagenumber[number=1] \completecontent \stopfrontmatter \startbodymatter \setuppagenumbering[conversion=numbers] \setuppagenumber[number=1] \chapter{Introduction} This is a test. \stopbodymatter \stopCONTEXT This example also shows a typical document structure by its use of \envcont{fontmatter} and \envcont{bodymatter}. The front matter has roman page numbers, the body matter arabic ones. We also use \cmdcont{setuppagenumber} to start counting from 1 for each of the sections. The first \cmdcont{setuppagenumber} could be omitted, but typically you have a front page and such, so page numbering starts a bit later than the first physical pages. \section{Setting up chapter and sections} In \LaTeX\ changing the format of chapters and sections is not possible unless you change \LaTeX\ internal commands. Therefore, no examples of doing this in \LaTeX\ are given, but only the \ConTeXt\ options are demonstrated. Every section heading can be setup with \ConTeXt's \cmdcont{setuphead} command. Probably one of the first things you want to change is the font used for the chapters and sections. \startCONTEXT \setuphead[chapter][letter={\switchtobodyfont[20pt,ss]\bf}] \setuphead[section][letter={\switchtobodyfont[16pt,ss]\bf}] \starttext \chapter{This is a chapter} First sentence. \section{This is a section} First sentence. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT This gives you a 20 points, bold, sans serif font for chapter headings. It is possible to define that you want to start a chapter on a right page: \startCONTEXT \setuppagenumbering[alternative=doublesided] \setuphead[chapter] [page=right] \starttext \chapter{First thought} First sentence. \chapter{Second thought} Second sentence. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT You also need to turn doublesided pagenumbering on with \cmdcont{setuppagenumbering}. Now every chapter starts on an uneven numbered page. The following example changes even more. The number is set in a different font, and before and after the chapter is set, we execute our own commands. \startCONTEXT \setuphead [chapter] [numberstyle=bold, textstyle=cap, before=\hairline\blank, after={\nowhitespace\hairline\blank[line]}] \starttext \chapter{This is a chapter} A sentence. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Note that almost any(!) setup command has before and after options, so really everything in \ConTeXt\ can be changed easily. It is also possible to format the entire section heading yourself. The following example formats the subsection heading. You need to write a macro which expects two parameters: the number of that section and the title of that section. And then you're on your own. \startCONTEXT \setuphead [subsection] [command=\myhead] \def\myhead#1#2{#2} \starttext \chapter{This is a chapter} \section{Section} \subsection{Yes} A sentence. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT Note that turning off the number is a standard option, so this setup can also be accomplished with: \startCONTEXT \setuphead [subsection] [number=no] \starttext \chapter{This is a chapter} \section{Section} \subsection{Yes} A sentence. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section[sec:setupitemize]{Setting up lists} Enumerations in \ConTeXt\ have white space between each items. You can disable this by using the packed option. \startCONTEXT \setupitemize[packed] \starttext \startitemize[n] \item First line. \item Second line, no white space above it. \stopitemize \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \chapter{References} \section[sec:indocreference]{In document references} \section{Cross document references} \section{Index} In \LaTeX\ producing indexes is a two step process. In the preamble you put the \cmdlat{makeindex} command so an index file (\type|.idx|) is created. The contents of every \cmdlat{index} command is put into that file. Next the \type|makeindex| command is used to produce the actual index which can be included in your document with the \cmdlat{input} command. \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \makeindex \begin{document} Put \index{this} and \index{that} in the index. \input{testlatex.ind} \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ creating indexes is also a two step process, but this is transparant if you use \type|texexec| to compile your documents. With the \cmdcont{index} command you put entries in the index, with \cmdcont{completeindex} you get the entire index at that point. \startCONTEXT \starttext Put \index{this} and \index{that} in the index. \completeindex \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section[sec:bibtex]{bibtex} You can use \type{bibtex} to produce \type{.bbl} files as usual. The new \modcont{bib} (see \in{section}[sec:bibliography]) can read \type{.bbl} files fine. You can specify on or more databases in \cmdcont{setuppublications} after the database keyword. \startCONTEXT \usemodule[bib] \setuppublications [database={mybibs}, numbering=yes, sort=author] \starttext \section{My life} I've read only two books in my life \cite[Bekke92,Brodie84]. But I've to admit that I no longer think Forth \cite[Brodie84]. \completepublications \stoptext \stopCONTEXT However, bib support is not yet foolproof. \chapter{Interactive documents} \section{Defining an interactive document} \startLATEX \usepackage{article} \usepackage [pdftitle={Test document}, pdfauthor={Berend de Boer}, pdfsubject={There is more than LaTeX}, pdfkeywords={LaTeX ConTeXt TeX}, colorlinks, linkcolor=blue] {hyperref} \begin{document} \end{document} \stopLATEX \startCONTEXT \setupinteraction [status=start, title={Test document}, author={Berend de Boer}, subtitle={There is more than LaTeX}, keywords={LaTeX ConTeXt TeX}, color=blue] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{References which are URLs} In \LaTeX\ the hyperref package provides hyperlinking support. To generate a URL reference, you use the \cmdlat{href} command: \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \usepackage{hyperref} \begin{document} The \href{http://www.freebsd.org}{greatest server OS} on this world. \end{document} \stopLATEX \startCONTEXT \setupinteraction[state=start] \useURL [contextsupport] [http://www.pragma-ade.nl] \starttext The \ConTeXt\ support site is \from[contextsupport]. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \chapter{Other} \section{Title page} \section{Text in margin} \section{Color} You can enable color with the \cmdcont{setupcolors} command. \startCONTEXT \setupcolors[state=start] \starttext \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \section{Babel} \section{Interfaces} \section{Breaking lines} \section{Vertical white space} If you need vertical white space, \LaTeX\ has the \cmdlat{vspace} command. This command only works between paragraphs. At the beginning and end of a page white space `disappears', use \cmdlat{vspace*} for white space that does not disappear. \startLATEX \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \vspace*{5cm} This line comes first. \vspace{2\baselineskip} This line comes second. \vspace{.5\baselineskip} And this is the third line. \end{document} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ the \cmdcont{blank} command gives blank space. It also ends the preceding paragraph. Use the \type|force| option to force white space at the beginning and end of a page. \startCONTEXT \starttext \blank[5cm,force] This line comes first. \blank[2*line] This line comes second. \blank[medium] And this is the third line. \stoptext \stopCONTEXT \chapter{Understanding \ConTeXt} \section[sec:texexec]{texexec} \ConTeXt\ uses the external program \type{texexec} to do lots of things which are more difficult to do directly in \TeX: \startitemize[n] \item \ConTeXt\ writes its table of contents entries to a \type{.tui} file. If the compilation went fine, \type{texexec} copies this to the corresponding \type{.tuo} file.\par This means that when a compilation does not run to completion (you cancel it for example), the table of contents entries and references have not disappeared. \item \type{texexec} sorts indexes and sorted lists. \stopitemize \section[sec:doc]{Module documentation} Generate \ConTeXt\ module documentation with: \starttyping texexec --module m-bib \stoptyping You need to have the documentation styles which can be downloaded from \from[contextsupport], filename \type{cont-doc.zip}. \startmode[screen] \stopbodymatter \startbackmatter \stopmode \chapter{\LaTeX\ commands} % LaTeX command index List of \LaTeX\ commands used in this document. \placeindexcmdlat \chapter{\ConTeXt\ commands} % ConTeXt command index List of \ConTeXt\ commands used in this document. \placeindexcmdcon \chapter{\LaTeX\ to \ConTeXt\ reference} % Table comparing commands \section{Standard environments} % environment layout \def\showlatenv#1{\ss #1} \def\showlatcmd#1{\ss #1} \def\showcontenv#1{\ss #1} \def\showcontcmd#1{\ss #1} \def\notsupported{no equivalent.} A list of all \LaTeX\ environments and the corresponding \ConTeXt\ environment is provided below. Note that \LaTeX\ environments are written as: \startLATEX \begin{environment} \end{environment} \stopLATEX In \ConTeXt\ you write this as: \startCONTEXT \startenvironment \stopenvironment \stopCONTEXT \start\setupbodyfont[9pt] \starttabulate[|l|l|p|] \HL \NC \LaTeX\ environment \NC \ConTeXt\ environment \NC Remark \NC\NR \HL \NC \showlatenv{abstract} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{array} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{center} \NC \showcontenv{alignment} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{description} \NC \NC See \in{section}[sec:description] \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{displaymath} \NC \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{document} \NC \showcontenv{text} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{enumerate} \NC \showcontenv{itemize} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{equation} \NC \showcontcmd{placeformula} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{eqnarray} \NC\showcontcmd{displaylines} \NC Use the standard \TeX\ commands. \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{figure} \NC \NC Use \showcontcmd{placefigure}. \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{flushleft} \NC \showcontenv{alignment} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{flushright} \NC \showcontenv{alignment} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{itemize} \NC \showcontenv{itemize} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{letter} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{list} \NC \showcontenv{itemize} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{math} \NC \NC Use \$ before and \$ after the formula. \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{minipage} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{note} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{overlay} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{picture} \NC MPgraphic \NC In \ConTeXt\ you can include metapost code to achieve the same and better effects.\NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{quote} \NC \showcontenv{citaat} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{quotation} \NC \showcontenv{citaat} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{slide} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{sloppypar} \NC \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{tabbing} \NC \showcontenv{tabulate} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{table} \NC \showcontenv{table} \NC Use together with \showcontcmd{placetable} \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{tabular} \NC \showcontenv{table} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{titlepage} \NC \notsupported \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{thebibliography} \NC \showcontenv{publication} \NC Requires the \modcont{bib}.\NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{theindex} \NC \NC Use \showcontcmd{completeindex}. \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{trivlist} \NC \showcontenv{itemize} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{verbatim} \NC \showcontenv{typing} \NC \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{verse} \NC \NC \NC\NR \HL \stoptabulate \stop \section{Standard commands} Many \LaTeX\ commands come from third party packages. Most of the things they provide (or fix) are standard features in \ConTeXt. \start\setupbodyfont[9pt] \starttabulate[|l|l|p|] \HL \NC \LaTeX\ command \NC \ConTeXt\ command \NC Remark \NC\NR \HL \NC \showlatcmd{setlanguage} \NC \NC Provided by the \latpkg{babel} package. \NC\NR \stoptabulate \stop \section{Environments provided packages} Many \LaTeX\ environments come from third party packages. Most of the things they provide (or fix) are standard features in \ConTeXt. \start\setupbodyfont[9pt] \starttabulate[|l|l|p|] \HL \NC \LaTeX\ package \NC \ConTeXt\ environment \NC Remark \NC\NR \HL \NC \showlatenv{comment} \NC \showcontenv{comment} \NC Comment out certain parts of your document so it does not show up in the .dvi or .pdf file. \LaTeX's \envlat{comment} is part of Rainer Sch\"pf's \latpkg{verbatim} package. \NC\NR \NC \showlatenv{longtable} \NC \showcontenv{tables} \NC The \latpkg{longtable} package provides tables that can be broken accross page.\NC\NR \stoptabulate \stop \startmode[screen] \stopbackmatter \stopmode \stopTutorial